Roman Numeral Converter
Bidirectional converter — Arabic ↔ Roman. Supports 1 to 3,999,999 with step-by-step breakdown.
Bidirectional Converter
Type a number (Arabic) or Roman numeral — direction is auto-detected.
Roman numeral
MCMXCIV
Conversion Breakdown: 1994 = MCMXCIV
Recent Years — Click to Convert
Bulk Converter
One number or Roman numeral per line. Direction is auto-detected per line.
Quiz Mode
Both directions: Arabic→Roman and Roman→Arabic
Test your Roman numeral knowledge — both directions!
Historical Events in Roman Numerals
Symbol Reference
Click to load value
| Symbol | Value | Name |
|---|---|---|
| I | 1 | One |
| V | 5 | Five |
| X | 10 | Ten |
| L | 50 | Fifty |
| C | 100 | One hundred |
| D | 500 | Five hundred |
| M | 1,000 | One thousand |
Subtractive Pairs
| Notation | Value & Rule |
|---|---|
| IV | 4 (5−1) |
| IX | 9 (10−1) |
| XL | 40 (50−10) |
| XC | 90 (100−10) |
| CD | 400 (500−100) |
| CM | 900 (1000−100) |
Extended Range (Vinculum)
Values above 3,999 use vinculum notation — a bar drawn over a symbol multiplies it by 1,000. For example, V̄ = 5,000, X̄ = 10,000, M̄ = 1,000,000. This tool supports up to 3,999,999.
Historical Note
Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and dominated European number systems until the 14th century. Today they appear on clock faces, book chapters, movie sequels, Super Bowls, and the Olympic Games. The subtractive notation (IV instead of IIII) shortened representations and reduced transcription errors.
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